Notes: یادداشت های بخش اول
1 Confidential
1 Confidential
Subject:
Recent Happenings at Isfahan.
No.
289 May
3, 1917
The
Honorable
The
Secretary of State,
Washington
Sir:
I have the honor to report that
about one year ago ' His Highness, Prince Zill-es-Sultan, a great uncle of, His
Imperial Majesty the Shah, returned from Europe and was again appointed
Governor of Isfahan. (See dispatch No 186 of July 17, 1916) Some Years ago His Highness was governor
and became notorious for his terrible cruelty for the
tortured and put political prisoners to death in the most atrocious
manner! He is now nearly ninety-years.
of age and his son the matricide Prince Sarem-ed-Douleh, ( Killed his mother).
who recently retired as foreign Minister, is assisting his father at Isfahan.
Numerous complaints have
recently come to the Cabinet and to
the different legations of the arbitrary and vicious method recently employed
by this governor , and today it is reported that a few days ago the
Zill-es-sultan put to death three political prisoners without trial, two being
shot and the third put to death in the characteristic manner of this governor,
to- wit, by placing the offender in
plaster of Paris and allowing the same to harden. Some twenty years ago the
same governor executed a great number of men in the same manner.
Other instances of even more
nauseating happenings are reported.
I
have the honor to be,
Sir.
Your
obedient servant
John
L. Caldwell
Minister American
Legation
Tehran,
Persia
2 PERSIA.
(November 8 1919)
CONFIDENTIAL.
[150067] No.
I.
Sir P. Cox. to Earl Curzon. —(Received November
8.)
(No. 149.) Tehran,
September 19, 1919
My Lord,
I Have
the honor to transmit for your Lordship's information copies of the Tehran
Intelligence Summary, No. 27, for the
period ending the 31st August,
1919.
I
have, &c.
P. z. Cox.
Enclosure
in No. 1.
Tehran Intelligence Summary, No. 27,for period
ending August 31,1919.
Political Situation.
AT
the instance of his Majesty's Government, His Imperial Majesty the Shah hastened his departure for
Europe in order to pass through the Caucasus prior to the British evacuation.
He arrived in Constantinople on the 19th August by H.M.S. "Ceres "
and sailed in her for Taranto on the 30th.
His
Majesty is accompanied by Prince Nosret-ed-Douleh, who has succeeded his
Excellency Mushaver-ul-Mamelek as
Minister for Foreign Affairs.
An
agreement between Great Britain and Persia providing for
the reform of the administration with British aid was signed on the 9th August,
and has been received with general approval in both countries.
Five
ringleaders of a small fraction of sell-interested persons, who either for
purposes of blackmail or enmity were
endeavoring to excite opposition to the agreement, were
deported to
Kashan on
the 6th September. .
Mashallah Khan, the well-known brigand of Kashan, after two months hesitation, obeyed the summons of the Government to appear in Tehran. He arrived, however, with 150 sawars armed to the teeth, and having, after three weeks argument with the Central Government, refused to disarm them except on payment of 100,000 tomans compensation, he was arrested and his sawars forcibly disarmed after a skirmish with the gendarmerie, Mashallah Khan and his adjutant were executed a few days later. His father, Nayeb Hossein, has since been captured in the neighborhood of Kashan and brought to Tehran.
Mashallah Khan, the well-known brigand of Kashan, after two months hesitation, obeyed the summons of the Government to appear in Tehran. He arrived, however, with 150 sawars armed to the teeth, and having, after three weeks argument with the Central Government, refused to disarm them except on payment of 100,000 tomans compensation, he was arrested and his sawars forcibly disarmed after a skirmish with the gendarmerie, Mashallah Khan and his adjutant were executed a few days later. His father, Nayeb Hossein, has since been captured in the neighborhood of Kashan and brought to Tehran.
The
British peace with Afghanistan has not yet restored quite normal conditions on
the Persian borders, and further raids have occurred in Seistan territory. A
serious outbreak of rinderpest, in the Bushire district has been notified.
[1379 h—2]
3 Kashan:
14th
March 1915 reports:
Nayeib
Hossein's contract for his services with Government expires 22th on new year's
day and he is in great fear on hearing a party of gendarmes having passed Qum
on their way to Burujerd. He is collecting all his men around him. Some of his
former chief men who are against him with about 40 men are waiting at Taragh to
attack him when reinforcement arrives from Government.
4September
13, 1913
Kashi Sawars
going to yazd are reported to have taken more than 2,000 Tomans from villagers
around Ardestan. Mashallah Khan on hearing this news, dispatched Mirza Abbas
Khan after the Sawars to investigate and report.
5 February 21, 1915.
Ardestan:
The
I.E.T.D. Signaler telegraphs as follows on 21th February.
"Deputy Governor has taken from
Mirza Abdol Hossein 1300 Tomans cash besides valuable property carried off from
his and his brother's and late Moad-ul -Sultan's houses and by governor
General's orders has handed over Mirza Abdul Hossein to Mojahed Sultan who arrived
from Isfahan for that purpose and probably will return with Mirza Abdul
Hossein. Reported Reza Juzany is
lurking Ardistan- Isfahan road. Fresh lot of Kashi Sawars have been appointed
for Kashan main road. Relived Sawars returning to Kashan".
6 The Persian Constitutional Revolution or
Persiaian Constitutional Revolution (Persian:
مشروطیت
Mashrūtiyyat, or انقلاب مشروطه Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh) (also known as the Constitutional Revolution of
Persia) took place between 1905 and 1907. The revolution led to the
establishment of a parliament in Persia.
The Revolution opened the way for
cataclysmic change in Persia, heralding the modern era. It saw a period of
unprecedented debate in a burgeoning press. The revolution created new
opportunities and opened up seemingly boundless possibilities for Persia’s
future. Many different groups fought to shape the course of the Revolution, and
all sections of society were ultimately to be in some way changed by it. The
old order, which Nasser-al-Din Shah Qajar
had struggled for so long to sustain, finally died, to be replaced by new
institutions, new forms of expression, and a new social and political order.
The system of constitutional
monarchy created by the decree of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah that was established in
Persia as a result of the Revolution ultimately came to an end in 1925 with the
dissolution of the Qajar dynasty and the ascension of Reza
Shah Pahlavi to the throne.
7 Kashan.
14th March reports:
Nayeb
Hossein's contract for his services with Government expires 22th on new year's
day and he is in great fear on hearing a party of gendarmes having passed Qum
on their way to Burujerd. He is collecting all his men around him. Some of his
former chief men who are against him with about 40 men are waiting at Taragh to
attack him when reinforcement arrives from Government.
8 Qom pronunciation (Persian:
قم [ɢom], also known as Qum or Ghom) is the 8th largest
city in Persia. It
lies 125 kilometres (78 mi) by road southwest of Tehran and is the
capital of Qom Province. At the 2011 census its population was
1,074,036 ( 957,496 at the 2006 census, in 241,827 families comprising 545,704
men and 528,332 women. It is situated on the banks of the Qom River.
Qom city enjoys a dry and warm climate with low annual rainfall due to
remoteness from the sea and being situated in the vicinity of desert.
Qom is considered
holy by Shi`a
Islam, as it is
the site of the shrine of Fatema
Mæ'sume, sister of Imam `Ali ibn Musa Rida (Persian Imam Reza, 789–816 AD). The
city is the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world, and is a
significant destination of pilgrimage.
9 Qom. The I.E.T.D. reports 13th April as
follows:
Gendarmes who were sent away from
here as reported last week returned from Neyzar escorting of about 150 camel
loads of ammunition intended for Tehran.
10 Decipher
No. 166
R.
14th August 1919
From
Haig Isfahan.
My
telegram 136.
Now that Mashallah has arrived at Tehran
Persian Government might make an effort to recover some of the property stolen
or received by him. Among these are
forty bale Of wool belonging to Sofer and Company. Goods worth fifteen hundred tomans belonging to Peters, and
goods worth five thousand tomans
belonging to an Armenian of Julfa who
deserves assistance as he has lost
all that he had.
Ask Etela
ed Douleh EGG I4/8
Please sound Etela . I think P.G. will have
to go easy with regard to past claims or else he will go into outlawry again but we must do what we can for our own people. 14/8 DL.
Etela tells me the ball is going
to be opened with Mashallah Khan tomorrow and he hopes that the settlement of
these cases may form part of the
general arrangement to be come to. E.G.G. 15/8 .
11
Febuary, 8, 1911
( see Isfahan
news No 5 para 35 ). Nayeb Hossein continues his endeavors to obtain the
Governorship of Kashan and is said to have made large remittances to Tehran
with this object.
12 Reza Shah Pahlavi, also spelled Riza
Shah Pahlevi, original
name Reza Khan (born March 16, 1878, Alasht, Mazanderan province,
Persia—died July 26, 1944.( Johannesburg)
Persian
army officer who rose
through army ranks to become shah of Persia (1925–41) and began the
regeneration of his country.
13
Seyyed ( can also be spelled
Seyd", "Syed" "Saiyid" and "Seyyed)
(pronounced [ˈsæjjɪd], or [ˈsæjjed], Arabic: سيد; meaning Mister) (plural Sadah Arabic: سادة, Sādah) is an honorific title, it
denotes males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his
grandsons, Hasan
ibn Ali and Husayn
ibn Ali, sons of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and his
son-in-law Ali (Ali ibn Abi
Talib).
14 May 23, 1915.
173. Kashan. I.E.T.D. under date 23rd May telegraphs:
"Seyyed Ibrahim, chief adviser of Nayeb Hossein, died during week.
By his death lost a great and valuable assistant for which they are much upset
and grieved. Nayeb's men are quite disorderly and keep plundering and robbing
people everywhere that they go. Nayebs are making fortifications and position
on the top surrounding hills.
15
Confidetial.
THE WAR
Sir Edward Grey to
Sir G. Buchanan.
Foreign
Office, April 24,
1915.
TEHRAN
telegram No. 166 of 23rd April, repeated to you.
I am quite in favor of our two
representatives urging the appointment of a strong Cabinet, and I do not wish
to raise any objections to any individuals. In the present critical situation
at Tehran I trust that Minister for Foreign Affairs will take a similar course.
In regard to dispatch of Russian
troops, I would raise no objection to some being sent to Kazvin if the
situation urgently called for such a measure, but we might very likely play
straight into the hands of our enemies were Russian troops to proceed to the
capital, unless the Persian Government themselves called for their assistance.
I would therefore deprecate such a measure unless their presence was absolutely
required for the protection of the lives and properties of the Legations and
foreigners.
It should be the aim of the
Allies to do nothing which should appear to be a violation of Persian
neutrality or which would give encouragement to our ill-wishers in Persia to
throw that country on the side of the Turks. The latter are practically
invading Persia, and if the new Persian Government are ready to regard this as
a hostile act and come out on our side we should be glad to welcome them and
give them all the support in our power. Their material aid would be valueless,
but the moral effect of a Moslem Power coming out against the Turks would be
great throughout the Moslem world. It would then be most unfortunate if any
step on our part were to reverse the situation and force Persia to side with
the Turks and against us. The effect in that event would have the most
far-reaching and serious consequences throughout all our Moslem subjects, and
would, further, be a great embarrassment both to Russia and ourselves.
I would therefore suggest that we
should, if the new Cabinet comes into office, afford it all the assistance that
we can, but, if possible, refrain from any military movements whatever unless
the situation imperatively called for them. (Repeated to Tehran, No. 98.)
[2394 aa—2]
16 The First World War had a profound
effect on the history of many non-European nations. The First World War led to
the overthrow of the Qajar regime and its replacement by Reza Shah, which was
central to the development of modern Prsia. Persia became a front for many
of the imperial powers and was therefore subjected to British, Russian, Ottoman
and German invasions. It is true that this chaotic situation eventually allowed
Reza Shah, to centralize his power in Persia.. The outbreak of the First World
War and its aftermath may be the most important political episode in
twentieth-century world history. The fall of the Austro-Hungarian dual
monarchy, the Ottoman and Russian empires, followed by the USSR and the
Kemalist republic in Turkey were among the most significant outcomes of the
conflict.
In
Persia the eruption of the war increased foreign pressure, causing the
long-standing rift in Parisian politics to widen. The central government was so
divided and ridden by factions that the different cabinets that were formed
never lasted more than a few months. And yet the central government itself was
not the sole source of power in the country.
Following the approval of the Persian Constitutional Code
by the Qajar king in 1906, Anglo-Russian rivalry in Persia faded away, if only
temporarily, and an agreement was concluded between the two great powers.
According to the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1907, Persia was divided into three
zones-Russian, British and neutral.
In accordance with this agreement, in October 1910,
Britain delivered an ultimatum to Persia concerning the security of southern
Persia. In so doing, Britain set an example for the Russian to follow. Russian
troops had already occupied the Northern provinces. In November 1911 the
Tsarist government presented its own ultimatum to Persia, which amounted to
nothing less than an attempt to reduce the north of the country to the status
of a semi-dependent colony.
The initial reaction by the central state of Persia in
regards to the start of the war was declaration of Persia's neutrality. When a
considerable part of the soil of Persia was occupied by the (allied) forces,
then what was the meaning of the neutrality of Persia?
Persia hoped to avoid entanglement in World War I by
declaring its neutrality, but ended up as a battleground for Russian, Turkish,
and British troops. When German agents tried to arouse the southern tribes
against the British, Britain created an armed force, the South Persia Rifles,
to protect its interests.
Then a group of Persian notables led by Nezam os Saltaneh
Mafi, hoping to escape Anglo-Russian dominance and sympathetic to the German
war effort, left Tehran, first for Qom and then for Kermanshah where they
established a provisional government. The provisional government lasted for the
duration of the war but failed to capture much support.
Although Persia proclaimed neutrality in the war, several
battles were fought in western Persia between Russian and Persian volunteers
and Ottoman forces. These battles destroyed many villages, killed several
hundred Persian civilians, and caused near-famine conditions that probably
caused the death of several thousand more. The inability of the Persian
government to protect the country provoked rebellions and autonomy movements in
northern Persia between 1915 and 1921.
At the end of the war, because of Russia's preoccupation
with its own revolution, Britain was the dominant influence in Tehran. The
foreign secretary, Lord Curzon, proposed an agreement under which Britain would
provide Persia with a loan and with advisers to the army and virtually every
government department. The Persian prime minister, Vossogh- ed-Douleh, and two
members of his cabinet who had received a large financial inducement from the
British, supported the agreement.
The Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919 was widely viewed as
establishing a British protectorate over Persia. However, it aroused
considerable opposition, and the Majlis refused to approve it. Eventually,
the Anglo-Persian agreement was formally denounced by the Iranian Parliament
(Majlis) on June 22, 1921
17 for
Isfahan consulate).
25th April ,1915. An Austrain traveler visited Nayebs,
took photograph of Mashallah khan with his Sawars and promised them every
assistance and hopes of setting their affairs.
Mean
time telling them that if they go to frontier, Germans will supply them rifles
and ammunition,
* * *
May 30, 1915
134.
(Kashan, I.E.T.D. reports 30th May as follows:
"
German consul with his staff from Isfahan passed here during week. He was
unable to see Nayeb but promised to do so on his return journey. All Mujaheds (
Clergies) here received letter from a Mulla ( Shujael Vaezzin) in Tehran saying it is time to join Turks and
make holy war and placards to that
effect have been posted to town gates and in the Bazaars."
* * *
{25 april,1915.
The German Minister visits the Nayrbies head quarters in Kashan and
hoists German and Turkish flag at Mashallah khan head quarters, idicating
Nayrbies are protected by Germany}
* * *
Kashan. I.E.T.D. 6th June, 1915 reports as follows:
German consul passed here during the week for Isfahan.
He paid a visit to Mashallah khan and gave him some presents and they had
private conversation with the promise to send German flag from Tehran.
* * *
Schaffter who had been called in professionally by Nayeb Hussain was treated with all honours by the bandits .
* * *
Graham .
Kashan. German consul from Isfahan has sent a special
man to Mashallah khan here with request to supply him with 20 Kashi Sawars.
18(
Kashan:
Enquiries
made on 21th March from the I.E.T.D.
Kashan show that rumors current in Isfahan at
the end of the week to the effect that Reza khan Juzani had been arrested and handled over by
Nayeb Hossein to the Persian Government, are unfounded. Reza khan is in
enjoyment, of full liberty and apparently on the best of terms with Mashallah
khan.
19 No.236
- July, 1915
Nayebs have ordered Kashan and Natanz taxes to
be collected and paid to them at the rate of Krs.6 per Tuman. Total amounts
would come to about 60,000 Tumans.
* * *
Mashallah
khan has confiscated Saham-ul-Saltaneh's lands and properties in Kashan. Taking
revenge for latter's son-in-law's (Chiragh Ali khan, Sardar- i- Soulat) act, who had looted Nayeb's Sawars in
Ardistan some time ago.
* * *
30th
July, 1915
No.
326.
Ardastan
reports that the villagers are starving.
I omitted to report last week that
Mashallah Khan's men seeing that they could affect nothing against Mazdabad,
withdrew and retired. Cheragh Ali
is now said to be collecting sawars with a view to taking vengeance on
Mashallah Khan. But how he proposes to do this is not clear. He is not likely
to acquire strength sufficient to enable him to attack Mashallah Khan in kashan
and will probably content himself with attacking some isolated posts. I have requested him to refrain in future from
talking up his quarters in our telegraph office.
20 August,
1915. Consular reports from Isfahan.
Ardistan. See parp 2.
Mashallah Khan has plundered and
destroyed Mazdabad, Amirabad, Zavareh and Muqar, and is strengthening
the fort at Karshahy. It is to be feared
that Chiragh Ali and Reza will escape
punishment for their crimes. The government of Yazd apparently took no steps
against them and they are quiet safe in Naien. They have now open negotiations
with the force in Ardistan and Prince Sarem- ul-Douleh says that he fears it
will be necessary to pardon them. This is unfortunate as there are heavy claims
against them
21 May 30, 1915
134.
(Kashan, I.E.T.D. reports 30th May as follows:
All
Mujtaheds ( Clergies) here received letter from a Mulla ( shujael Vaezzin) in Tehran saying it is time to join Turks and
make holy war. And placards to that
effect have been posted to town gates and in the Bazaars "
* * *
Condition of town and
Environ.
Undercurrent of agitation continues, 26 April. Meeting
of Clergy in Masdjed i Shah. in Isfahan.
Sheikh Hadi & Sheikh Reza
arrived from Najaf with "Ahkam".
( Religious decree.)
Governor General calls on Haji Agha Nouruilah.
Differences arranged.
1st.May. Meeting of (Clergy at Takht i Pulad).
Sharif- ul -Vaezzin arrives from Kashan. 6 April.
Fireworks for opening of
Medjliss.
8 May. Bazaar looking
askance on notes of Imperial Bank. Muttamid- i- Khaghan and Hadji Seyyed
Habibulah appointed Deputies. Democrats purchasing arms.
Price, stationery.
Wheat Krs. 90-106
& Barley Krs. 45 per Kharvar,
Wheat Bread Krs.1.80 per
shah man. Environ, reported unsafe.
* * *
Sir
W. Townley to Sir Edward
Grey.—(Received January 28.)
( 33.)
(Telegraphic.) Tehran,January
28,1915.
Your telegram No. 21 of 26th January.
I entirely
agree with view of Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs thatThe sooner Russian
troops drive Turks out of Azerbaijan the better.. . . . A signal of defeat of
Turks can alone re-establish situation in our favor. Reports of Turkish
successes and German victories have so encouraged hostile elements that there
is hardly a man left on our side to-day in Tehran. Papers that have published
our telegrams are practically boycotted. Much the same situation is reported
from Isfahan, Yezd, Kashan and Hamadan to us. . . .
If there
is not an overwhelming Russian advance within a short time, situation here will
become most serious. Present Cabinet talk about war with Turkey, but I much
doubt if the people would acquiesce in its declaration. I have Bakhtiary
insurances that they will resist Turkish advance in Arabistan, whether Persia
is at war with Turkey or not.
* * *
No.85 August
22, 1915
The Honorable
The Secretary of State
Washington.
Subject: Russian
encroachment.
Sir:
. . . . It is reported that His Imperial Majesty and some of his advisors
opposed resistance and favored removing the seat of Government from Tehran to Isfahan. however
others were more Belligerent. and I am reliably informed that Persians to the number of 18000 quietly
collected
arms and ammunition for active
resistance. It is also Reported that different Tribes
offered voluntary assistance to the extent of furnishing several thousand armed
troops if necessary. This was an strange contrast with the hitherto supine
attitude of Persian character and perhaps accounts for the fact that after
marching towards Teheran for one day the Russian Cossacks suddenly turned back
to Kazvin where they are still stationed .
I
have the honor to be Sir,
your obedient servant
John L. Caldwell
Minister.
22 Haydar Khan- e- Amo-oghli or Haidar Khan Amu Ogly Tariverdiev (Persian:
حیدرخان عمواوغلی تاریوردی; Azerbaijani: حیدرخان عمواوغلی تاریوردی; Azerbaijani: Heydər Xan Əmoğlu; December 20,
1880 – October 15, 1921) was a Left Terrorist with support of "Deutsches
Kaiserreich" in period of WWI who acted in Persia, Azerbaijan
and Central
Asia and used terror to radicalize Persian politics in the early 20th
century.
23 January 14th 1917
Kashan. The people have sent a petition by telegraph
to H.R.H Zil -U -Soltan praying that Mashallah Khan may be appointed governors,
as his present pay is not sufficient for the maintenance of his Sawars.
* * *
July 19,1917
No.255
( Kashan. By strict
orders of Nayeb, landlords are repairing and whitening all the shops and
bazars, repairing the old ones with new good ones & etc, and Nayebs
themselves are doing repairs to
water reservoirs and Masjids of the town.
24 May 4, 1919
103. There has recently been some trouble in Kashan.
Mashallah Khan suspected one Haji Kazem Khan, a former Mujahed, of being a
terrorist told off to kill him and demanded that proceedings should be taken
against him. Mashallah Khan was much disturbed and announced that he would not
go to Tehran. Haji Kazem Khan was sent off to Tehran and Mashallah Khan became more
reasonable. The latest information is that he has sent Mohaghegh-ul-
Douleh Badi to Tehran and that he is delaying his own departure until he has
received reports from him.
25 l09.
Roads:
Rajab All with 30 or 35 men robbed two post wagons
near Tarq on May 9. Only goods belonging to British subjects or protected
persons were taken. The robbers evidently had full information of the contents
of the wagons and the time at which they were to be expected to arrive, for
they abused the driver for being late and rewarded the post office official
travelling on the wagons with a quantity of opium. It is certain that Mashallah
Khan's road guards were in league with
the robbers, and there is some reason to believe that Mashallah himself
is implicated. (!)
* * *
26 236
- July, 1915
Nayebs have ordered Kashan and Natanz taxes to
be collected and paid to them at the rate of Krs.6 per tuman. ( 10 krs in one
tuman) Total amounts would come to about 60,000 tumans.
27 Decipher No. 22
Dated 16 Jan.1919.
HAIG, BAKHTIARIES.
I am informed that the Persian
Government, have diminished Mashallah Khan's allowance for sawars by 500 tomans
a month with a view to increasing that of the Governor of Isfahan by this
amount.
It is of course important that the
allowance of the latter should be sufficient, but unless the Persian
Government, have other arrangements in view, we must rely on Mashallah Khan for
keeping order on the Tehran road, for help against the brigands when Sirdar
Jang attacks then and - or assistance in the Kashan election, and it would be better to avoid, if possible, alienating him by reducing his
allowance.
* * *
28 Decipher.
No 132. Haig
Isfahan. 22nd June 1919.
Urgent
If
the Persian Government would like to get rid of Mashallah Khan now I
think is their opportunity. There
are 700 S.P.R. here with 4 guns and 4 machine guns quite keen on the job of this sort and it would be an excellent thing if the Government
could be persuaded to issue orders.
I am sure Colonel Orton would agree.
The gendarmerie of Qum could cut Mashallah off from North and he has not more than 300
men at present.
Mashallah Khan has rendered some services in
the past in keeping the road but I fancy he is a considerable thorn in the
flesh of the PG and that the latter would he quite willing to "bring him
to book. Shall I ask Etela- ed -Douleh?
EGG 23/6
* * *
29 Decipher No.
1013S
From
Foreign, Simla
D.
10th. July 1919.
Your telegram of the 4th. July Norn 84.
Government
of India approve of- Frazers Column standing by for action against
Mashallah Khan at Kashan if needed. Addressed Teheran repeated Isfahan Shiraz
and Orton and Go.o.o. BushIre
30 Decipher 1.April
1919
No. 87.
Haig
Soper Shiraz telegraphs that
they are willing to enlist any of Mashallah's men who are medically fit and adequately guaranteed.
I am not sure what Persian
Government propose to do
about Mashallah Khan or how
far negotiations have progressed but if
his force is to be broken
up this seems to be
a good way of disposing of
it. Is there any
objection to my broaching subject
to Mashallah Khan ?
Shall I
ask Etela- ed-Douleh? EGG.
Please do DL .
Spoke to him and at his request I wrote a letter giving him
purport of above.
EGG April 4
Etela - ed - Douleh told me today
that Vossogh-ed- Douleh's view is that,
it would be a good plan to enlist these people in the S.P.R. At the same
time he thinks that it should be
borne in mind that if Mashallah
Khan wished at any
time to make further trouble for the P.G. this arrangement would give him a
"point d'appui" in
Fars and His Highness
hopes that Mashallah Khan would not
be permitted to take advantage
of it. Mashallah Khan appears
to be unwilling to come to Tehran
(1) because he mistrusts the P.G. (2) because he
is afraid his property at Kashan
will be raided in
his absences. As to
(1) the P.G. ask us to assure Mashallah Khan that they have no
intention of harming him but
it is desirable that he should
come to Tehran where
various matters can be
better settled by personal intercourse. As to (2)
the P.G proposes to send a detachment of
Gendarmerie to Kashan where his
property will be safe under their
protection.
The P .G. further thinks that Mashallah khan ought to be
absent himself for a year or two to let
matter lapse into oblivion.
Then he
can come back
with a clean sheet. II/4
See also 'Pol
Sit' 70 ( in this
box)
see reply to ( 70)
dated 12 April BL.
* *
*
April 13, I9I9
No. 86.
The
election at Kashan have been postponed, under orders from Tehran, for one
month. Mashallah Khan whose departure from the town was due to apprehension
excited by a summon to Tehran, has now returned to Kashan.
31 April 20, 1919
91. Governor has now issued orders that the election
at Kashan to be proceeded with, under the supervision of Massallah Khan.
Mashallah Khan has made up his mind to go to Tehran.
32 April 1919.
Decipher.
No. 87. Haig
Bakhtiaries.
Soper Shiraz telegraphs that they are
willing to enlist any of Mashallah's men who are medically fit and adequately
guaranteed. I am not sure what Persian
Government propose to do about Mashallah Khan or how far negotiations have
progressed but if his force is to be broken up this seems to be a good way of
disposing of it. Is there any objection
to my broaching subject to Mashallah Khan ?
Shall I ask Etela ed Douleh? E.G.S.2/4
Please do.
B.L 2/4
I spoke to him and as his request wrote a letter
giving him conformation
E.G.G.April 4.
33
Dr. Ebrahim Heshmat ol Atebba
Talequani (also Dr. Heshmat-e Taleghani) (Persian: ابراهیم حشمت الاطبا طالقانی)
was a Prsian physician and one of Mirza
Kuchak Khan's closest friends and allies during the Jangal movement in the Gilan province of
northern Persia. He served
in many leading positions during the movement.
In the campaign against the movement
initiated by Ahmad Shah's court in 1918–1919, the central
government promised amnesty for the "Jangali" leaders who would
surrender. Despite Mirza Kuchak Khan's advice, Dr. Heshmat surrendered. In the
court he stated that he only wanted to oppose the British forces. The Qajar
court reneged its earlier amnesty and condemned Dr. Heshmat to death by
hanging. He was hanged in Ghoroghe Kargozari in Rasht on May 13th,
1919
* *
*
July 6, 1919
153.
Mashallah Khan is hesitating whether to start for Tehran or not. I heard that he has received a reassuring
telegraph from his brother, but that Mohaghegh-ul -Douleh, who is in Tehran,
has telegraphed advising him not to start until he receives a letter from him.
The departure of the gendarmes from Tehran for Isfahan has much alarmed
him. I believe that he will not obey the
summons to Tehran. that he will follow the last course, as he has made all
preparations for flight.
34 June 22, 1919
No.140.
Except
for Mashallah Khan in Kashan, Rajab Ali, whose where about is unknown, the
robbers of Faragha, who have been quiet lately, and a wandering band or two,
the province is now clear of robbers.
Shuja Homayun was killed in the course of the pursuit of the three
leaders, and his body was brought into Isfahan and hanged for the several hours
on the gallows in the Meydan-i-Shah. Jafar Qulli who is wounded, in the head and the arm, was brought into the
town on June 20. The street were lined with enormous crowds. Riza will probably
be brought into on June 23.
Sardar-i
Jang has recovered 51.000 Tomans of the stolen money of the Imperial Bank of
Persia and hopes to recover the remaining 30.000 on June 23.
35 Decipher
N 0.182.
D.6 Aug.I919.
No. 162. From
Haig. Isfahan.
Telegrams dated Aug. 5th from Mashallah and signaler at Qom state
that Mashallah left for Tehran that afternoon. He appears to have from 150 to 300 armed men with him and Persian
Government may wish to warn him that such a force cannot be admitted.
{ The British are worried, why Mashallah khan is
taking 300 armed men into capital!? }
36 Decipher ,
June, I9I9.
No.840/99/8 From
Orton Shiraz.
I understand from Fraser that Haig
favors operation by Soper columns against Mashallah Khan of Kashan who has
recently refused invitation of Persian Government to go to Teheran. I believe
Mashallah Khan to be ordinary type of semi-official freebooter with following
exceeding 5,00. Fraser's column
remains meanwhile at Isfahan and I consider
Soper troops at Isfahan could
operate against M.K. without much difficulty. But
general political situation and attitude of Persian Government are not clear to
me and the issues invented appear to
demand consideration. While the Persian Governmentt complacently accepts Soper
military efforts at British expense I see but little indication of reciprocal
efforts by Persian Government to help Soper.
Soper is not officially and openly recognized! A notorious example of
contrary attitude of Persian Government is its refusal to arrange for Nasr
Divans Farrashbashi to be handed over to us. I submit in return for Soper help already given Persian Government might
well arrange for the Farrashbashi to be handed over. Hotson concurs generally
with regard to any projected operations towards
Kashan. I await definite proposals and also instructions from India.
Addressed Teheran repeated Simla, Bakhtiaries, and Bushire.
No.34
(Received with
Army Department memorandum No. 9571, dated the 15th July 1919.) Telegram P.,
No. 840—122-G., dated the 12th (received 13th) July 1911). From—Colonel Olton,
Shiraz,
To—The Chief of the General Staff, Army Headquarters,
Simla.Telegram
Following is a wire from Fraser at
Isfahan :—begins. Some days ago Minister telegraphed Haig that a force of
Gendarmes about 1,000 strong was sent to Isfahan from Tehran to garrison the
place. At my request Haig said that.
these Gendarmes should not reach Isfahan Until the South Persia Rifles had
left. Minister did not agree with our reasons why both forces should not be
here together and said that the Gendarmes had already moved but should be
detained on the road if necessary. Haig at my request asked that the Gendarmes
should be detained at Qom where they
could also usefully co-operate against Mashallah Khan.
On
July 9th, the Minister wired Haig a paraphrased extract : Begins. No. 119. The
Prime Minister asked me to inform you that Fazlollah Khan, the Officer
Commanding the Gendarmes, detailed to go to Bakhtiaries, is being ordered to
advance towards Kashan and when within a suitable distance to send Mashallah
Khan an ultimatum calling upon him to
proceed to Tehran at once, in which case His life and property will be
spared, and, failing immediate compliance he is to take measures to attack
Mashallah Khan. In this case the Prime Minister hoped that Farser would advance
from the other side and co-operate. Please comply or comment.
37 Decypher. D. 19th July 1919
No.154. Urgent.
From Haig Bakhtiaries.
Your telegram No. 126.
Mashallah
left Ravand on night of July 17th for Farahabad on the way to Siyah Kuh. He
said he was going to avoid gendarmerie and go to Tehran but is probably going
to Siyah Kuh.
He
is beyond reach of S.P.R., and Fraser thinks gendarmerie might advance from
Qom. If they see a chance of cutting off Mashallah, of which there is little
probable chance they will do so but otherwise they should occupy Kashan. Mashallah has removed all his movable
property from Kashan and only about 100 of his sawars are hanging about there
but he will return unless the place is occupied. Fazlullah Khan should
take a Ghulam with a telephone from Qum and could send in information
daily, I concur. egg 20/7
Kindly
see Colonel Gleerup or write urgently. Say that
combined operations against Mashallah Khan is definitely abandoned and
S.P.R. have been informed that they can now leave Isfahan province and return
to their headquarters, and Col Haig. has been
informed that gendarmerie will replace them at Isfahan. Give him purport of
above telegram re advance by Fazlullah and occupation of Kashan and matter of
telephone communication. N.L 20/7
38 September
7, 1919
No.205.
Nayeb Hossein who was
much affected by the news of the execution of his son Mashallah, in Tehran, has been pursued by the gendarmes
from Kashan during the week, and has been giving much trouble to the
inhabitants of the villages through which he has passed. The gendarmes have succeeded in
capturing him and two of his sons after some fighting and he is to be taken
into Kashan on September 8.
The gendarmes during
the week, have hanged another member of Mashallah's gang. They are said to have
collected from Mashallah's gang and from his various places of refuge very
large quantities of stores.
Fortunately an
inspector has arrived from Tehran to investigate the matter of goods and cash
recovered by the gendarmes.
September 14, 1919.
39 September 14,
1919
No.210.
Nayeb Hossein and two of his sons have been
captured by gendarmes from Kashan.
All three were wounded, one of the sons severely . It is said that the wounds
were inflicted by one of their own
followers.
The
people of Kashan were delighted at the news of capture and assembled in crowds
to see the prisoners brought into Kashan on September 9. The town was illuminated in the evening. One of Mashallah's
followers was hanged at Kashan on September, 7,
and another on September,9.
Five
political offenders Mostashar-ul-Douleh, Mohtasham-Ul-Saltaneh,
Motazam-ul-Douleh, Motazam-ul-Molk and Haji Moin-ul-Tojjar-i- Bushehri, have
arrived at Kashan by motor car from
Tehran and are lodged in one of Mashallah's houses and guarded by gendarmes.
The
motor Car in which they arrived, took Nayeb Hossein and his two sons to Tehran.
{ The above mentioned five guys were among many Persians whom opposed
the 1919 Forced agreement upon Persia by 3 traitors : Vossogh - ed - Douleh,
Nosrat - ed - Douleh and sarem - ed - Douleh.
The British paid those three the sum of 131 thousand pounds to initiate
this agreement.}
39 On
January 4, 1920 Reports from Kashan states that the chief of
police was also arrested and sent to
Tehran with Ali Khan Mashgooni. It is
understood that Chief of Police has had the intention to rob the office of the
local treasury.
Wife of Nayeb Hossein has petitioned Government for the release of her
two sons, Mansour and Amir.
{ When chief of Police intends to rub the
treasury! then why did people expect a
rebel be honest!?}
40 August
31, 1919
200. The
Gendarmes have Captured Farah-Abad and Qalah, two of: Mashallah's forts and
Nayeb Hossein, with about forty men , has fled towards Natanz, pursued by
another body of gendarmes. The gendarmes have arrested many who have been in
league with Mashallah Khan's gang and have collected over a thousand head of
cattle, many rifles and horses and quantities of household goods and stores
belonging to the gang. Mashallah's "road guards" between Kashan and
Khalid- Abad, 22 in number, have
surrender to the gendarmes, and the road from shursb to Kashan is now guarded
by the gendarmes. Ali Alavi, one of the leading men of Mashallah's gang was
hanged in Kashan on August 30.
* * *
D.6th Sept 1919,
From Haig ; Bakhtiaries.
I
am informed: gendarme in Kashan who began very well are now causing
discontent. They are said to be extorting considerable sums from those accused
of having been connected with Mashallah's gang and to have reported to Tehran
less than a tenth of recoveries made by them. Their discipline is also said to
be growing lax. I venture to suggest the dispatch of a European officer from
Tehran to make enquires and take any action that may be necessary.
{ What the British forcasted before is happening
in Kashan! the Gendarmes have got the opportunity to loot the civilian and
common people of Kashan. As there is no Nayebies left in Kashan to blame the
looting by them! so the Kashanies realized anybody who is armed with a rifle
can be a looter! and it is not necessary to be called a highway rubber or professional looters!?}
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